Non-volatile memory device and a method of fabricating the same

ABSTRACT

A non-volatile memory device includes a bitline area, a string selection transistor, a plurality of memory transistors, a ground selection transistor, and a source area which are serially disposed. The memory transistors are silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS) transistors having a multi-layered charge storage layer. The memory transistors are also depletion mode transistors having a negative threshold voltage. In a method of fabricating the non-volatile memory device, a first conductive type diffusion layer is formed at a predetermined area of a first conductive type substrate. Impurities of a second conductive type are implanted into a predetermined area of a surface of the substrate where the first conductive type diffusion layer is formed, thereby forming an inversely doped area at a surface of the first conductive type diffusion layer. A string selection gate, a plurality of memory gates, and a ground selection gate are formed over a predetermined area of the first conductive type diffusion layer. Junction areas are formed in the substrate adjacent to both sides of the gates. At least the memory gates are positioned over an area into which the impurities of a second conductive type are implanted, so that the memory transistors may have an inversely doped channel area.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims benefit of priority under 35 USC §119 toKorean Patent Application No. 2001-85990, filed on Dec. 27, 2001, whichis hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] 1. Technical Field of the Invention

[0003] The present invention relates to a non-volatile memory device anda method of fabricating the same. More specifically, the presentinvention is directed to silicon-oxidenitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS)memory device having a cell transistor for storing information in astacked gate insulating layer and a method of fabricating the same.

[0004] 2. Description of the Related Art

[0005] Non-volatile memory devices are typically classified as eitherfloating gate type nonvolatile memory devices such as a flash memorydevice or floating trap type non-volatile memory devices such as a SONOSmemory device. The flash memory device stores charges (i.e., freecarriers) in a floating gate, and the SONOS memory device stores chargesin a trap that is spatially isolated in a charge storage layer.

[0006] When storing free carriers, a flash memory device may lose allcharges stored in a floating gate due to a partial defect of a tunneloxide layer. Therefore, the flash memory device needs a relatively thicktunnel oxide layer as compared to the SONOS memory device. As athickness of the tunnel oxide layer is increased to enhance reliability,the memory device needs complex peripheral circuits based on arequirement for a high operating voltage. This requirement prevents ahigh integration state of devices from being achieved and increasespower consumption.

[0007] On the other hand, a SONOS memory device may have a relativelythin tunnel oxide layer as compared to the flash memory device becausecharges are stored in a deep level trap. Therefore, a SONOS memorydevice is operable at low applied gate voltages of 5-10V.

[0008] A conventional NAND-type SONOS memory device constructs a cellarray using an enhancement mode transistor whose threshold voltage has apositive value. Since the threshold voltage of the enhancement modetransistor has a positive value, a positive sense voltage must beapplied to a gate electrode of the memory transistor when program/erasesignals are sensed in a read operation. Accordingly, a circuit forgenerating the sense voltage is required. In a read operation, apositive sense voltage is applied to a gate of a selected cell and apositive read voltage is applied to gates of unselected cells, so thatthe NAND-type SONOS memory device turns on the selected cell. Because athreshold voltage of a transistor in a write state is above 5V, the readvoltage should be higher than 7V. The unselected transistor in an erasestate is soft-programmed by the high read voltage, causing the thresholdvoltage of the unselected transistor to be high as well.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0009] A purpose of the invention is to provide a NAND-type memorydevice and a method of fabricating the same.

[0010] Another purpose of the invention is to provide a NAND-type memorydevice having a depletion mode cell transistor and a method offabricating the same.

[0011] Another purpose of the invention is to provide a NAND-type memorydevice which reduces a peripheral circuit area by eliminating a readvoltage generation circuit and a method of fabricating the same.

[0012] Another purpose of the invention is to lower the read voltagerequired to prevent the soft-programming phenomenon caused by a readvoltage of a NAND-type SONOS memory device.

[0013] In order to achieve these purposes, the invention provides anon-volatile memory device having a multi-layered charge storage layerand a method of fabricating the same. The non-volatile memory deviceincludes a bitline area, a string selection transistor, a plurality ofmemory transistors, a ground selection transistor, and a source areathat are juxtaposed. Each of the memory transistors has a wordline, amulti-layered charge storage layer, and junction areas. The wordlinecrosses a predetermined area of a substrate of a first conductive type.The multi-layered charge storage layer is interposed between thewordline and the substrate. The junction areas are formed in thesubstrate, adjacent to opposite sides of the wordline, and are of asecond conductive type. The memory transistors are depletion modetransistors with negative threshold voltages. There is a channeldiffusion layer and an anti-punchthrough diffusion layer. The channeldiffusion layer is formed at a surface of the substrate between thejunction areas of the memory transistor, and the anti-punchthroughdiffusion layer is formed between the junction areas below the channeldiffusion layer. The channel diffusion layer and the anti-punchthroughdiffusion layer are of the first conductive type. However, theconcentration of the anti-punchthrough diffusion layer is higher thanthat of the substrate, and the concentration of the channel diffusionlayer is lower than that of the substrate.

[0014] Similar to the memory transistors, the string selectiontransistor and the ground selection transistor are depletion modetransistors or enhancement mode transistors.

[0015] A method of erasing the non-volatile memory device includes thestep of forming a diffusion layer of the first conductive type in apredetermined area of the first conductive type substrate. Impurities ofthe second conductive type are implanted into a predetermined area ofthe substrate where the first conductive type diffusion layer is formed,forming an inversely doped area at a surface of the first conductivetype diffusion layer. A string selection gate, a plurality of wordlines,and a ground selection gate are formed to cross over a predeterminedarea of the first conductive type diffusion layer. Alternatively, thestring selection gate and the ground selection gate may cross over theinversely doped area or cross over the first conductive type diffusionlayer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016]FIG. 1 is a top plan view of a NAND-type cell array according tothe preferred embodiment of the present invention.

[0017]FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view, taken along a line I-I′ of FIG.1, for explaining a nonvolatile memory device according to a firstembodiment of the present invention.

[0018]FIG. 3 through FIG. 5 are flow diagrams for explaining a method offabricating the non-volatile memory device shown in FIG. 2.

[0019]FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view, taken along line I-I′ of FIG. 1,for explaining a nonvolatile memory device according to a secondembodiment of the present invention.

[0020]FIG. 7 through FIG. 9 are flow diagrams for explaining a method offabricating the non-volatile memory device shown in FIG. 6.

[0021]FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view, taken along a line I-I′ of FIG.1, for explaining a non-volatile memory device according to a thirdembodiment of the present invention.

[0022]FIG. 11 through FIG. 13 are flow diagrams for explaining a methodof fabricating the non-volatile memory device shown in FIG. 10.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0023] The present invention will now be described more fullyhereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in whichpreferred embodiments of the invention are shown. The invention may,however, be embodied in different forms and should not be construed aslimited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodimentsare provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, andwill fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in theart. In the drawings, the thickness of layers and regions areexaggerated for clarity. It will also be understood that when a layer isreferred to as being “on” another layer or substrate, it can be directlyon the other layer or substrate, or intervening layers may also bepresent. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.

[0024] A top plan view of a NAND-type cell array according to thepreferred embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 1.

[0025] Referring to FIG. 1, a device isolation layer 10 is formed at apredetermined region of a first conductive type, i.e., a P-typesubstrate, to define a plurality of active regions 12. A stringselection gate electrode 211 s, a plurality of memory gate electrodes211 m, and a ground selection gate electrode 211 g are juxtaposed tocross over the active regions 12. A multi-layered charge storage layer(206 of FIG. 2) is interposed between the memory gate electrodes 211 mand the active regions 12. A multi-layered charge storage layer or asingle-layered gate insulating layer may be interposed between thestring selection gate electrode 211 s and the ground selection gateelectrodes 211 g. There is a junction area (not shown) in active regions12 adjacent to opposite sides of selection gate electrodes 211 s and 208g and the memory gate electrodes 211 m. Junction areas adjacent to thestring selection gate electrode 211 s correspond to bitline areas towhich a bitline is connected. Junction areas of the ground selectiongate electrode 211 g correspond to source areas.

[0026] A bitline contact plug 228 is coupled to each of the bitlineareas, and a common source line 226 is coupled to the source areas. Thecommon source line 226 crosses the device isolation layers 10 to becommonly coupled to the source areas.

[0027] The multi-layered charge storage layer (206 of FIG. 2) can beinterposed only between the memory gate electrodes 211 m and the activeregions 12. Alternatively, the multi-layered charge storage layer maycover an entire surface over the active region 12 or an entire surfaceover the active region 12 and the device isolation layer 10. The data ofa memory transistor is stored in the charge storage layer located atintersections of the memory gate electrodes 211 m and the active regions12. The gate electrodes 211 g, 211 m, and 211 s may include upper gateelectrodes 208 g, 208 m, and 208 s crossing the active region and lowergate electrodes 210 g, 210 m, and 210 s interposed between the activeregions 12 and the upper gate electrodes.

[0028] Although not shown in the figure, a channel diffusion layer andan anti-punchthrough diffusion layer are located, at least, at theactive region 12 below the memory gate electrodes 211 m. Theanti-punchthrough diffusion layer has a higher concentration than thesubstrate and is of the same conductive type as the substrate. Thechannel diffusion layer has a lower concentration than the substrate andis of the same conductive type or is of a different conductive type thanthat of the substrate. Thus, the memory transistors are depletion modetransistors.

[0029]FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view, taken along a line I-I′ of FIG.1, that illustrates a nonvolatile memory device according to a firstembodiment of the invention.

[0030] Referring to FIG. 2, a non-volatile memory device according tothe present invention includes a bitline area 220, a string selectiongate 212, a plurality of wordlines 214, a ground selection gate 216, anda source area 218 that are serially arranged. There are junction areas222 at surfaces of active regions (12 of FIG. 1) adjacent to one side ofthe gates 212, 216 and adjacent to both sides of the wordlines 214.

[0031] Similar to a conventional NAND-type memory cell, an interlayerinsulating layer 224 covers an entire surface of a semiconductorsubstrate 200. A common source line 226 is coupled to the source area218, and a bitline contact plug 228 is coupled to the bitline area 220.Thus, the bitline 230 and the bitline area 220 are electricallyconnected to each other.

[0032] The string selection gate 212 includes a string selection gateelectrode 211 s comprising an upper string selection gate electrode 208s and lower string selection gate electrodes 210 s over the activeregion (12 of FIG. 1), and a multi-layered charge storage layer 206interposed between the lower string selection gate electrodes 210 s andthe active region 12. Each of the wordlines 214 includes a memory gateelectrode 211 m comprising an upper memory gate electrode 208 m andlower memory gate electrodes 210 m over the active region (12 of FIG.1), and a multi-layered charge storage layer 206 interposed between thelower memory gate electrodes 210 m and the active region 12. The groundselection gate 216 includes a ground selection gate electrode 211 gcomprising an upper ground selection gate electrode 208 g and lowerground selection gate electrodes 210 g over the active region (12 ofFIG. 1) and a multi-layered charge storage layer 206 interposed betweenthe lower ground selection gate electrode 210 g and the active region12. The multi-layered charge storage layers 206 may be interconnected tobe disposed on the active region 12 between the gates 212 and 216 andthe wordlines 214. However, the data of a memory transistor is stored inthe multi-layered charge storage layer 206 at the intersection of thelower memory gate electrode 210 m and the active region 12. Themulti-layered charge storage layer 206 may be comprised of a tunnelinsulating layer 206 a, a trap insulating layer 206 b, and a blockinginsulating layer, which are sequentially stacked.

[0033] The string selection gate 212, a junction area 222 adjacent tothe string selection gate 212, and a bitline area 220 constitute astring selection transistor. A wordline 214 and a junction area 222adjacent to a side of the wordline 214 constitute a memory transistor.The ground selection gate 216, a junction area 222 adjacent to theground selection gate 216, and a source region 218 constitute a groundselection transistor.

[0034] In a first embodiment of the invention, the string selectiontransistor, the memory transistor, and the ground selection transistorare depletion mode transistors. In this regard, channel diffusion layers204 are formed on the surface of the active regions 12 below the stringselection gate 212, the wordlines 214, and the ground selection gate216. Anti-punchthrough diffusion layers 202 are formed below theirrespective channel diffusion layers 204. The channel diffusion layer 204and the anti-punchthrough diffusion layer 202 are interposed between thejunction areas 222. The anti-punchthrough diffusion layer 202 is of thesame conductive type as the substrate, and is more heavily doped thanthe substrate. On the other hand, the channel diffusion layer 204 has alower concentration than the substrate and is either of the sameconductive type as the substrate or is an inversely doped area (i.e.,has a different conductive type from that of the substrate).

[0035] A method of fabricating the non-volatile memory device shown inFIG. 2 will now be described with reference to FIGS. 3-5.

[0036] Referring to FIG. 3, P-type impurities are implanted into apredetermined region of a P-type substrate 200 to form a P-type impuritydiffusion layer 202. N-type impurities are more shallowly implanted intoa surface of an active region 12 than the P-type impurity diffusionlayer 202 to form an inversely doped region 204 at the surface of theactive region 12. Preferably, N-type impurities are implanted so that aconductive type of the inversely doped region 204 can be N-type or of amore lightly doped P-type than the substrate 200. For example, theP-type impurity diffusion layer 202 is preferably formed by implantingBF₂ ions at a dose of 4×10¹² ion/cm² and with 50 keV. The inverselydoped region 204 is preferably formed by implanting As ions at a dose of8×10² ion/cm² and with 40 keV.

[0037] Referring to FIG. 4, a string selection gate 212, a plurality ofwordlines 214, and a ground selection gate 216 are positioned over theinversely doped region 204. The string selection gate 212 includes astring selection gate electrode 211 s over the inversely doped region204 and a multi-layered charge storage layer 206 interposed between thestring selection gate electrode 211 s and the inversely doped region204. Each of the wordlines 214 includes a memory gate electrode 211 mover the inversely doped region 204 and a multilayered charge storagelayer 206 between the memory gate electrode 211 m and the inverselydoped region 204. The ground selection gate 216 includes a groundselection gate electrode 211 g over the inversely doped region 204 and amulti-layered charge storage layer 206 interposed between the groundselection gate electrode 211 g and the inversely doped region 204. Themulti-layered charge storage layer 206 is a multi-layered insulatinglayer having at least one insulating layer with a large trap density.Preferably, the multi-layered charge storage layer 206 is made of atunnel insulating layer 206 a, a trap insulating layer 206 b, and ablock insulating layer 206 c, which are sequentially stacked.

[0038] In order to form the string selection gate 212, the wordlines214, and the ground selection gate 216, a device isolation layer (10 ofFIG. 1) is formed to define an active region (12 of FIG. 1) and a stackpattern is formed in which a multi-layered insulating layer and a lowerconductive layer are sequentially stacked between the device isolationlayers.

[0039] An upper conductive layer is formed to cover an entire surface ofthe device isolation layer and the stack pattern. The upper conductivelayer, the lower conductive layer, and the multi-layered insulatinglayer are sequentially patterned to form a string selection gateelectrode 211 s, a plurality of memory gate electrodes 211 m, and theground selection gate electrode 211 g. Each of the gate electrodes 211s, 211 m, and 211 g has an upper gate electrode 208 s, 208 m, 208 g overthe active regions (12 of FIG. 1) and lower gate electrodes 210 s, 210m, and 210 g interposed between the respective upper gate electrodes 208s, 208 m, 208 g, and the active region. A charge storage layer 206 isformed at intersections of the gates 211 s, 211 m, and 211 g and theactive region. Alternatively, the upper and lower conductive layers arealso patterned to cover a lower part of the gate electrode 208 s, 208 m,and 208 g as well as an entire surface of the inversely doped region204.

[0040] When a multi-layered insulating layer and a lower conductivelayer are sequentially formed on a semiconductor substrate 200 and thelower conductive layer, the multi-layered insulating layer, and thesubstrate are sequentially patterned to form a plurality of trenchesdefining an active region, the stack pattern may be concurrently formed.Areas between the stack patterns may be filled with an insulating layerto form device isolation layers.

[0041] In FIG. 5, using the gates 212 and 216 and the wordlines 214 asan ion-implanting mask, impurities are implanted into the active regionto form junction areas 222, a bitline area 220, and a source area 218 ata surface of an active region (12 of FIG. 1). The junction areas 222 areadjacent to the wordline 214. The bitline area 220 is adjacent to thestring selection gate 212, and the source area 218 is adjacent to theground selection gate 216. The junction area 222 may have a differentdoping concentration from that of the bitline area 220 and the sourcearea 218. Under the string selection gate 212, the wordline 214, and theground selection gate 216, the inversely doped area 204 and the P-typeimpurity diffusion layer 202 correspond to a channel diffusion layer andan anti-punchthrough diffusion layer, respectively. Using a conventionalmanner of forming a NAND-type cell array, a common source line 226 (FIG.2) coupled to the source region 218, a bitline plug 228 (FIG. 2) coupledto the bitline area 220, and a bitline 230 (FIG. 2) coupled to thebitline plug 228 (FIG. 2) may be formed.

[0042] In conclusion, because the channel diffusion layer (inverselydoped area 204) is inversely doped with N-type impurities, the stringselection transistor, the memory transistors, and the ground transistormay all have negative threshold voltages.

[0043] On the other hand, prior to operation of the non-volatile memorydevice according to the first embodiment, a high electric field isapplied between the gate electrodes of the ground selection transistorand the string selection transistor and the active region. By doing so,negative charges may accumulate in the multi-layered charge storagelayer of the ground selection transistor and the multi-layered chargestorage layer of the string selection transistor. Thus, the stringselection transistor and the ground selection transistor may havepositive threshold voltages.

[0044]FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view, taken along a line I-I′ of FIG.1, that illustrates a nonvolatile memory device according to a secondembodiment of the invention.

[0045] Referring to FIG. 6, a bitline area 220, a string selection gate212, a plurality of wordlines 214, a ground selection gate 216, and asource region 218 are serially disposed, which is similar to the firstembodiment (FIG. 2). There are junction areas 222 at surfaces of activeregions (12 of FIG. 1) that are adjacent to a side of the gates 212 and216 and to both sides of the wordlines 214.

[0046] Similar to the first embodiment, an interlayer insulating layer224 covers an entire surface of a semiconductor substrate 200. A commonsource line 226 is coupled to the source area 218. A bitline contactplug 228 is coupled to a bitline area 220, electrically connecting thebitline 230 to the bitline area 220.

[0047] The string selection gate 212 includes a string selection gateelectrode 211 s crossing the active region 12 and a multi-layered chargestorage layer 206 interposed between the string selection gate electrode211 s and the active region 12. Each of the wordlines includes a memorygate electrode 211 m and a multi-layered charge storage layer 206interposed between the memory gate electrode 211 m and the active region12. The ground selection gate 216 includes a ground selection gateelectrode 211 g crossing the active region and a multi-layered chargestorage layer 206 interposed between the ground selection gate electrode211 g and the active region 12. The charge storage layers 206 may beformed on the active region 12 between the gates 212 and 216 and thewordlines 214. However, memory cell data is stored in the multi-layeredcharge storage layer 206 at the intersection of the memory gateelectrode 211 m and the active region 12. The multi-layered chargestorage layer 206 may be made of a tunnel insulating layer 206 a, a trapinsulating layer 206 b, and a blocking insulating layer 206 c, which aresequentially stacked. The structures of the string selection gateelectrode 211 s, the memory gate electrode 211 m, and the groundselection gate electrode 211 g are dual structures composed of an upperelectrode and a lower electrode, similar to the first embodiment.

[0048] The string selection gate 212, the junction area 222 adjacent toone side of the string selection gate 212, and the bitline area 220constitute a string selection transistor. A wordline 214 and thejunction area 222 adjacent to both sides of the wordline 214 constitutea memory transistor. The ground selection gate 216 and the junction area222 adjacent to one side of the ground selection gate 216 constitute aground selection transistor.

[0049] In the second embodiment, the memory transistor is a depletionmode transistor, while the string selection transistor and the groundselection transistor are enhancement mode transistors. As illustrated inFIG. 6, channel diffusion layers 304 a are disposed at a surface of theactive region 12 under their respective wordlines 214. Theanti-punchthrough diffusion layers 202 a and the single-layered channeldiffusion layer 202 b below the selection gates 212 and 216 are of thesame conductive type as the substrate and are more heavily doped thanthe substrate. However, the channel diffusion layers 304 a below thewordlines 214 are either of the same conductive type as the substrateand be more lightly doped than the substrate or are of a differentconductive type than that of the substrate.

[0050] A method of fabricating the non-volatile memory device shown inFIG. 6 will now be described with reference to FIGS. 7-9.

[0051] Referring to FIG. 7, impurities are implanted into apredetermined area of a P-type substrate 200 to form a P-type impuritydiffusion layer 202. N-type impurities are more shallowly implanted thanthe P-type impurity diffusion layer 202 into a predetermined area of anactive region where the P-type impurity diffusion layer 202 is formed,thereby forming an inversely doped area 304 at a surface of the activeregion 12. As illustrated in FIG. 6, the inversely doped area 304 isformed at the surface of an area where memory transistors will beformed, but is not formed at the surface of an area where a stringselection transistor and a ground selection transistor will be formed(i.e., the P-type impurity diffusion layer 202 remains). Preferably, theinversely doped area 304 is either of a N-type or of a P-type that ismore lightly doped with P-type impurities than the substrate. Forexample, the P-type impurity diffusion layer 202 is preferably formed byimplanting BF₂ ions at a dose of 4×10¹² ion/cm² and with 50 keV. Theinversely doped region 204 is preferably formed by implanting As ions ata dose of 8×10¹² ion/cm² and with 40 keV. A device isolation layer (10of FIG. 1) is formed at a predetermined area of the P-type semiconductorsubstrate 200 to define an active region (12 of FIG. 1).

[0052] Referring to FIG. 8, a string selection gate 212 and a groundselection gate 216 are formed over an area where the P-type impuritydiffusion layer 202 is formed. At the same time, a plurality ofwordlines 214 are formed between the string selection gate 212 and theground selection gate 216. The wordlines 214 are formed over theinversely doped area 304. The string selection gate 212 includes astring selection gate electrode 211 s over the P-type impurity diffusionlayer 202 and a multi-layered charge storage layer 206 interposedbetween the string selection gate electrode 211 s and the P-typeimpurity diffusion layer 202. Each of the wordlines 214 include a memorygate electrode 211 m over the inversely doped area 304 and amulti-layered charge storage layer 206 between the memory gate electrode211 m and the inversely doped area 304. The ground selection gate 216includes a ground selection gate electrode 211 g over the P-typeimpurity diffusion layer 202 and a multi-layered charge storage layer206 interposed between the ground selection gate electrode 211 g and theP-type impurity diffusion layer 202. The multi-layered charge storagelayer 206 is a multi-layered insulating layer having at least oneinsulating layer with a high trap density. Preferably, the multi-layeredcharge storage layer 206 is made of a tunnel insulating layer 206 a, atrap insulating layer 206 b, and a block insulating layer 206 c, whichare sequentially stacked.

[0053] The string selection gate 212, the wordline 214, and the groundselection gate 216 may be formed in the same manner as the firstembodiment.

[0054] Referring to FIG. 9, using the gates 212, 216 and the wordlines214 as an ion-implanting mask, impurities are implanted into the activeregion to form junction areas 222 at a surface of the active region. Abitline area 220 and a source area 218 are formed at a surface of theactive region adjacent to the string selection gate 212 and the groundselection gate 216, respectively. A doping concentration of the junctionarea 222 may be different from that of the bitline area 220 and thesource area 218. The P-type impurity diffusion layer (202 of FIG. 8)below the string selection gate 212 and the P-type impurity diffusionlayer (202 of FIG. 8) below the ground selection gate 216 correspond toa channel diffusion layer 202 b of the string selection transistor and achannel diffusion layer 202 b of the ground selection transistor,respectively. The inversely doped area (304 of FIG. 8) below thewordlines 214 and the P-type impurity diffusion layer (202 of FIG. 8)below the wordlines 214 correspond to a channel diffusion layer 304 aand an anti-punchthrough diffusion layer 202 a of the memory transistor,respectively. Using a conventional manner of forming a NAND-type cellarray, a common source line 226 (FIG. 6) coupled to the source area 218,a bitline plug 228 (FIG. 6) coupled to the bitline area 220, and abitline 230 (FIG. 6) coupled to the bitline plug 228 (FIG. 6) areformed.

[0055] In conclusion, because the channel diffusion layers 304 a areinversely doped with N-type impurities (similar to the firstembodiment), the memory transistors may have negative thresholdvoltages. Unlike the first embodiment, because the string selectiontransistor and the ground selection transistor have positive thresholdvoltages, they are turned on when a positive voltage is applied to agate.

[0056]FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view, taken along a line I-I′ of FIG.1, illustrating a nonvolatile memory device according to a thirdembodiment of the invention.

[0057] Referring to FIG. 10, a bitline area 220, a string selection gate312, a plurality of wordlines 214, a ground selection gate 316, and asource area 218 are serially disposed. There are junction areas 222 at asurface of active regions adjacent to one side of the gates 312, 316,and adjacent to both sides of the gates 314.

[0058] Similar to the second embodiment, an interlayer insulating layer224 covers an entire surface of a semiconductor substrate 200. A commonsource line 226 is coupled to a source area 218 and a bitline contactplug 228 is coupled to a bitline area 220, electrically connecting thebitline 230 to the bitline area 220.

[0059] Each of the wordlines 214 include a memory gate electrode 211 mover the active region (12 of FIG. 1) and a multi-layered charge storagelayer 206 interposed between the memory gate electrode 211 m and theactive region (12 of FIG. 1). The charge storage layer 206 may also beformed on the active region (12 of FIG. 1) in an area between gates 312,316 and the wordlines 214. However, the data of a memory transistor isstored in the multilayered charge storage layer 206 at an intersectionof the memory gate electrode 211 m and the active region 12. Themulti-layered charge storage layer 206 may be made of a tunnelinsulating layer 206 a, a trap insulating layer 206 b, and a blockinginsulating layer, which are sequentially stacked. The string selectiongate electrode 211 s, the memory gate electrode 211 m, and the groundselection gate electrode 211 g are dual structures composed of an upperelectrode and a lower electrode, similar to the first and secondembodiments.

[0060] Unlike the second embodiment, the string selection gate 312includes a string selection gate electrode 211 s over the active region(12 of FIG. 1) and a gate insulating layer 306 interposed between thestring selection gate electrode 211 s and the active region (12 of FIG.1). The ground selection gate 316 includes a ground selection gateelectrode 211 g over the active region and a gate insulating layer 306interposed between the ground selection gate electrode 211 g and theactive region (12 of FIG. 1).

[0061] The string selection gate 312, the junction area 222 adjacent toone side of the string selection gate 312, and the bitline area 220constitute a string selection transistor. A wordline 214 and thejunction areas 222 adjacent to both sides of the wordline 214 constitutea memory transistor. The ground selection gate 216, the junction areaadjacent to one side of the ground selection gate 216, and the sourcearea 218 constitute a ground selection transistor.

[0062] In the third embodiment, the memory transistors are depletionmode transistors, and the string selection transistor and the groundselection transistor are enhancement mode transistors. As shown in FIG.10, channel diffusion layers 204 a are disposed at a surface of theactive region 12 under the respective wordlines 214. Ananti-punchthrough diffusion layer 202 b is disposed below the respectivechannel diffusion layers 204 a. However, a single-layered channeldiffusion layer 202 a is disposed below the string selection gate 312and the ground selection gate 316. The anti-punchthrough diffusion layer202 b and the single-layered channel diffusion layer 202 a below theselection gates 312, 316 are more heavily doped than the substrate andare of the same conductive type as the substrate. However, the channeldiffusion layers 204 a below the wordlines 214 are more lightly dopedthan the substrate and have either the same conductive type as thesubstrate or have a different conductive type from that of thesubstrate.

[0063] A method of fabricating the non-volatile memory device shown inFIG. 10 will now be described with reference to FIGS. 11-13.

[0064] Referring to FIG. 11, impurities are implanted into apredetermined area of a P-type substrate 200 to form a P-type impuritydiffusion layer 202. N-type impurities are more shallowly implanted thanthe P-type impurity diffusion layer 202 into a predetermined area of anactive region where the P-type impurity diffusion layer 202 is formed,thereby forming an inversely doped area 304 at a surface of the activeregion 12. Similar to the second embodiment, the inversely doped area304 is formed at the surface of an area where memory transistors will beformed, but is not formed at the surface of an area where a stringselection transistor and a ground selection transistor will be formed(i.e., the P-type impurity diffusion layer 202 remains). Preferably, theinversely doped area 304 is either of a N-type or of a P-type that ismore lightly doped with P-type impurities than the substrate 200. Forexample, the P-type impurity diffusion layer 202 is preferably formed byimplanting BF₂ ions at a dose of 4×10¹² ion/cm² and with 50 keV. Theinversely doped region 304 is preferably formed by implanting As ions ata dose of 8×10¹² ion/cm² and with 40 keV.

[0065] Referring to FIG. 12, a string selection gate 312 and a groundselection gate 316 are formed over an area where the P-type impuritydiffusion layer 202 is formed. At the same time, a plurality ofwordlines 214 are formed between the string selection gate 312 and theground selection gate 316. The wordlines 214 are formed over theinversely doped area 304. The string selection gate 212 includes astring selection gate electrode 211 s over the P-type impurity diffusionlayer 202 and a gate insulating layer 306 interposed between the stringselection gate electrode 211 s and the P-type impurity diffusion layer202. Each of the wordlines 214 includes a memory gate electrode 211 mover the inversely doped area 304 and a multi-layered charge storagelayer 206 between the memory gate electrode 211 m and the inverselydoped area 304. The ground selection gate 216 includes a groundselection gate electrode 211 g over the P-type impurity diffusion layer202 and a gate insulating layer 306 interposed between the groundselection gate electrode 211 g and the P-type impurity diffusion layer202. The multi-layered charge storage layers 206 are multi-layeredinsulating layers with at least one insulating layer with a high trapdensity. Preferably, the multi-layered charge storage layers 206 aremade of a tunnel insulating layer 206 a, a trap insulating layer 206 b,and a block insulating layer 206 c, which are sequentially stacked.

[0066] The steps of forming the string selection gate 312, the wordlines214, and the ground selection gate 316 are now explained in detail. Amulti-layered insulating layer 206 is formed at an entire surface of theinversely doped area 304. A gate insulating layer 306 is formed at anarea where the P-type impurity diffusion layer is disposed. A lowerconductive layer is formed over an entire surface of a resultantstructure where the multi-layered insulating layer 206 and the gateinsulating layer 306 are formed. The lower conductive layer, themulti-layered insulating layer, the gate insulating layer, and thesubstrate are sequentially patterned to form a plurality of trenchesdefining active regions (12 of FIG. 1). At the same time, stack patternsare formed on the active regions. Each of the stack patterns is made ofan insulating layer and a lower conductive layer. Areas between thetrench and the stack patterns are filled with insulating layers to formdevice isolation layers (10 of FIG. 1). An upper conductive layer isformed is formed to cover the stack patterns and the device isolationlayers. The upper conductive layer, the lower conductive layer, and theinsulating layers are sequentially patterned to form the wordlines 214,the string selection transistor 312, and the ground selection transistor316. The multi-layered charge storage layer 206 may cover lower parts ofthe wordlines 214 as well as an entire surface of the inversely dopedarea 304.

[0067] Referring to FIG. 13, using the gates 312, 214, and 316 as anion-implanting mask, impurities are implanted into the active region toform junction areas 222 at surfaces of active regions adjacent to thewordlines 214. A bitline area 220 and a source area 218 aresimultaneously formed at surfaces of active regions adjacent to thestring selection transistor 312 and the ground selection transistor 316,respectively. The doping concentration of the junction area 222 may bedifferent from the concentrations of the bitline area 220 and the sourcearea 218. The P-type impurity diffusion layer (202 of FIG. 12) below thestring selection gate 312 and the ground selection gate 316 correspondto channel diffusion layers 202 a of the string selection transistor andthe ground selection transistor, respectively. The inversely doped area(304 of FIG. 12) below the wordlines 214 and the P-type impuritydiffusion layer (202 of FIG. 12) below the wordlines 214 correspond to achannel diffusion layer 304 a and an anti-punchthrough diffusion layer202 b of the memory transistor, respectively. Using a conventionalmanner of forming a NAND-type cell array, a common source line (226 ofFIG. 10) coupled to the source area 218, a bitline plug (228 of FIG. 10)coupled to the bitline area 220, and a bitline (230 of FIG. 10) coupledto the bitline plug (228 of FIG. 10) maybe formed.

[0068] In the first embodiment, because the channel diffusion layer isinversely doped with N-type impurities, the memory transistor may have anegative threshold voltage. The third embodiment is unlike the firstembodiment because the string selection transistor and the groundselection transistor have a positive threshold voltage. Thus, they areturned on when a positive voltage is applied to a gate. The thirdembodiment is unlike the second embodiment because the string selectiontransistor and the ground selection transistor include a gate insulatinglayer instead of a multi-layered charge storage layer. Thus, it ispossible to overcome the disadvantage of a varying threshold voltage dueto charges trapped at the multilayered charge storage layer.

[0069] Since the memory transistors have an initially negative thresholdvoltage, their data can be read out under conditions when a read voltageis 0V.

[0070] In summary, a NAND-type cell array is formed using a depletionmode SONOS memory transistor having a multi-layered charge storagelayer. A non-volatile memory device according to the invention does notneed a circuit for generating a read voltage because it can read outdata under conditions when a read voltage is 0V. Thus, areas ofperipheral circuits are reduced to heighten the ratio of cell area toperipheral circuit area. Furthermore, a read voltage may be lowered ascompared to a conventional NAND-type SONOS memory device, which makes itpossible to prevent a transistor in an erase state from beingsoft-programmed by an erase voltage.

1. A non-volatile memory device in which a bitline area, a stringselection transistor, a plurality of memory transistors, a groundselection transistor, and a source area are serially disposed, whereineach of the memory transistors are depletion mode transistorscomprising: a memory gate electrode crossing a predetermined area of asubstrate of a first conductive type; a charge storage layer interposedbetween the memory gate electrode and the substrate; and junction areasof a second conductive type formed at a surface of the substrate andadjacent to both sides of the memory gate electrode.
 2. The device ofclaim 1, wherein each of the memory transistors further comprises: achannel diffusion layer formed at the surface of the substrate betweenthe junction areas, wherein the channel diffusion layer is of the firstconductive type but more lightly doped than the substrate; and ananti-punchthrough diffusion layer formed between the junction areas andjust below the channel diffusion layer, wherein the anti-punchthroughdiffusion layer is of the first conductive type but more heavily dopedthan the substrate.
 3. The device of claim 1, wherein each of the memorytransistors further comprises: a channel diffusion layer formed at thesurface of the substrate between the junction areas, wherein the channeldiffusion layer is of the second conductive type; and ananti-punchthrough diffusion layer formed between the junction areas andjust below the channel diffusion layer, wherein the anti-punchthroughdiffusion layer is of the first conductive type but more heavily dopedthan the substrate.
 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the stringselection transistor and the ground selection transistor are depletionmode transistors with negative threshold voltages comprising: aselection gate electrode; a charge storage layer interposed between theselection gate electrode and the substrate; and junction areas of thesecond conductive type formed in the substrate and adjacent to bothsides of the selection gate electrode.
 5. The device of claim 4, whereinthe string selection transistor and the ground selection transistorfurther comprise: a channel diffusion layer formed at the surface of thesubstrate between the junction areas, wherein the channel diffusionlayer is of the second conductive type; and an anti-punchthroughdiffusion layer formed between the junction areas and below the channeldiffusion layer, wherein the anti-punchthrough diffusion layer is of thefirst conductive type but more lightly doped than the substrate.
 6. Thedevice of claim 4, wherein the string selection transistor and theground selection transistor further comprise: a channel diffusion layerformed at the surface of the substrate between the junction areas,wherein the channel diffusion layer is of the first conductive type butmore lightly doped than the substrate; and an anti-punchthroughdiffusion layer formed between the junction areas and below the channeldiffusion layer, wherein the anti-punchthrough diffusion layer is of thefirst conductive type but more heavily doped than the substrate.
 7. Thedevice of claim 1, wherein the string selection transistor and theground selection transistor are enhancement mode transistors withpositive threshold voltages comprising: a selection gate electrode; acharge storage layer interposed between the selection gate electrode andthe substrate; junction areas of the second conductive type formed atthe surface of the substrate and adjacent to both sides of the selectiongate electrode.
 8. The device of claim 7, wherein negative charges areaccumulated in the charge storage layer and wherein the string selectiontransistor and the ground selection transistor further comprise: achannel diffusion layer formed at the surface of the substrate betweenthe junction areas, wherein the channel diffusion layer is of a secondconductive type; and an anti-punchthrough diffusion layer formed betweenthe junction areas and below the channel diffusion layer, wherein theanti-punchthrough diffusion layer is of a first conductive type but moreheavily doped than the substrate.
 9. The device of claim 7, whereinnegative charges are accumulated in the charge storage layer and whereinthe string selection transistor and the ground selection transistorfurther comprise: a channel diffusion layer formed at the surface of thesubstrate between the junction areas, wherein the channel diffusionlayer is of a first conductive type but more lightly doped than thesubstrate; and an anti-punchthrough diffusion layer formed between thejunction areas and below the channel diffusion layer, wherein theanti-punchthrough diffusion layer is of the first conductive type butmore heavily doped than the substrate.
 10. The device of claim 7,wherein the string selection transistor and the ground selectiontransistor further comprise a channel diffusion layer of the firstconductive type but more heavily doped than the substrate, formed at thesurface of the substrate and between the junction areas
 11. The deviceof claim 1, wherein the string selection transistor and the groundselection transistor are enhancement mode transistors comprising: aselection gate electrode; a gate insulating layer interposed between theselection gate electrode and the substrate; junction areas of the secondconductive type formed at the surface of the substrate and adjacent toboth sides of the selection gate electrode; and a channel diffusionlayer formed at the surface of the substrate between the junction areas.12. A method of fabricating a non-volatile memory device comprising:forming a diffusion layer of a first conductive type on a predeterminedarea of a substrate of the first conductive type; implanting impuritiesof a second conductive type on a predetermined area of the diffusionlayer, thereby forming an inversely doped area on a surface of thediffusion layer; forming a string selection gate, a plurality ofwordlines, and a ground selection gate over a predetermined area of thediffusion layer; and forming junction areas in the substrate adjacent toboth sides of the string selection gate, both sides of every one of theplurality of wordlines, and both sides of the ground selection gate,wherein every one of the wordlines includes a charge storage layer and amemory gate electrode which are sequentially stacked on the substrate,and wherein at least the wordlines are formed over the inversely dopedarea.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the diffusion layer is moreheavily doped than the substrate.
 14. The method of claim 12, whereinthe inversely doped area is of the second conductive type.
 15. Themethod of claim 12, wherein the inversely doped area is of the firstconductive type but is more lightly doped than the substrate.
 16. Amethod of fabricating a non-volatile memory device, comprising:implanting impurities of a first conductive type into a predeterminedarea of a substrate of the first conductive type, thereby forming adiffusion layer of the first conductive type; implanting impurities of asecond conductive type into a surface of the diffusion layer, therebyforming an inversely doped area; forming a plurality of stack patternson the substrate; forming device isolation layers between the pluralityof stack patterns, wherein each of the stack patterns is made bysequentially stacking a charge storage layer and a lower gate conductivelayer; forming an upper gate conductive layer covering the stack patternand the device isolation layer; patterning at least the upper and lowergate conductive layers to form a string selection gate electrode, aplurality of memory gate electrodes, and a ground selection gateelectrode that are horizontally positioned to cross the device isolationlayers; and implanting impurities of a second conductive type intosurfaces of the substrate adjacent to the sides of the string selectiongate electrode, memory gate electrodes, and the ground selection gateelectrode to form junction areas.
 17. The method of claim 16, whereinthe inversely doped area is of the first conductive type but morelightly doped than the substrate.
 18. The method of claim 16, whereinthe inversely doped area is of the second conductive type.
 19. Themethod of claim 16, further comprising: applying a high electric fieldbetween the string selection gate electrode and the substrate andbetween the ground selection gate electrode and the substrate; andaccumulating negative charges in a charge storage layer interposedbetween the string selection gate electrode and the substrate and in acharge storage layer interposed between the ground selection gateelectrode and the substrate.
 20. A method of fabricating a non-volatilememory device, comprising: implanting impurities of a first conductivetype into a predetermined area of a substrate of a first conductive typeto form a diffusion layer of a first conductive type; implantingimpurities of a second conductive type into a predetermined area of thediffusion layer to form an inversely doped area; forming a plurality ofstack patterns on the substrate; forming device isolation layers betweenthe stack patterns, wherein each of the stack patterns is made bysequentially stacking a charge storage layer and a lower gate conductivelayer; forming an upper gate conductive layer covering the stack patternand the device isolation layers; sequentially patterning at least theupper and lower gate conductive layers to form a string selection gateelectrode, a plurality of memory gate electrodes, and a ground selectiongate electrode that are horizontally positioned to cross the deviceisolation layers; and implanting impurities of the second conductivetype into the substrate adjacent to the sides of the string selectiongate electrode, every one of the plurality of memory gate electrodes,and the ground selection gate electrode to form junction areas, whereinthe string selection gate electrode and the ground selection gateelectrode are positioned over the diffusion layer, and the plurality ofmemory gate electrodes are positioned over the inversely doped area. 21.The method of claim 20, wherein the inversely doped area is of the firstconductive type but more heavily doped than the substrate.
 22. Themethod of claim 20, wherein the inversely doped area is of the secondconductive type.
 23. A method of fabricating a non-volatile memorydevice, comprising: implanting impurities of a first conductive typeinto a predetermined area of a substrate of a first conductive type toform a diffusion layer of a first conductive type; implanting impuritiesof a second conductive type into a predetermined area of the diffusionlayer to form an inversely doped area; forming a plurality of stackpatterns on the first conductive type substrate; forming deviceisolation layers between the stack patterns, wherein each of the stackpatterns is made by sequentially stacking a charge storage layer and alower gate conductive layer; forming an upper gate conductive layercovering the stack patterns and the device isolation layers;sequentially patterning at least the upper and lower gate conductivelayers to form a string selection gate electrode, a plurality of memorygate electrodes, and a ground selection gate electrode that arehorizontally positioned over the device isolation layers; and implantingimpurities of the second conductive type into a surface of the substrateadjacent to the sides of the string selection gate electrode, memorygate electrodes, and the ground selection gate electrode to formjunction areas, wherein the charge storage layer is interposed betweenthe memory gate electrodes and the substrate, and wherein a gateinsulating layer is interposed between the active region and the stringselection gate electrode and between the active region and the groundselection gate electrode.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein theinversely doped area is of the first conductive type and more lightlydoped than the substrate.
 25. The method of claim 23, wherein theinversely doped area is of the second conductive type.